Self-harm

Self-harm is when somebody intentionally damages or injures their body. It is a way of coping with or expressing overwhelming emotional distress.

What is self-harm? {#introduction}

Why people self-harm

Types and signs of self-harm

Self-harm symptoms {#symptoms}

Helping someone who self-harms

Causes of self-harm {#causes}

Self-harm treatment {#treatment}

## What is self-harm? {#introduction}

Self-harm is when somebody intentionally damages or injures their body. It's a way of coping with or expressing overwhelming emotional distress.

Sometimes when people self-harm they intend to die but often the intention is more to punish themselves, express their distress or relieve unbearable tension. Self-harm can also be a cry for help.

Your doctor will usually offer to refer you to healthcare professionals at a local community mental health service for further assessment. This assessment will result in your care team working out a treatment plan with you.

Treatment for people who self-harm will usually involve seeing a therapist to discuss your feelings and thoughts and how these affect your behaviour and wellbeing. If you're severely depressed it could also involve taking [antidepressant medication](/health-library/treatments/antidepressant-drugs).

Read more about [getting help if you self-harm](/health-library/conditions/self-injury/#treatment).

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## Why people self-harm

Self-harm is more common than many people realise, especially among younger people. A survey of people aged 15-16 years carried out in the UK in 2002 estimated that more than 10% of girls and more than 3% of boys had self-harmed in the previous year.

In most cases, people who self-harm do it to help them cope with unbearable and overwhelming emotional issues, caused by problems such as:

- social factors – such as being bullied, having difficulties at work or school, or having difficult relationships with friends or family
- trauma – such as physical or sexual abuse, or the death of a close family member or friend
- mental health conditions – such as [depression](/health-library/conditions/depression) or [borderline personality disorder](/health-library/conditions/borderline-personality-disorder)

These issues can lead to a build-up of intense feelings of anger, hopelessness and self-hatred.

Although some people who self-harm are at a high risk of [ending their lives](/health-library/conditions/suicide), many people who self-harm don't want to end their lives. In fact, the self-harm may help them cope with emotional distress so they don't feel the need to kill themselves.

Read more about the [causes of self-harm](/health-library/conditions/self-injury/#causes).

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## Types and signs of self-harm

There are many different ways people can intentionally harm themselves, such as:

- cutting or burning their skin
- punching themselves
- [poisoning](/health-library/conditions/poisoning) themselves with tablets
- misusing [alcohol](/self-care/alcohol-misuse) or drugs
- deliberately starving themselves ([anorexia nervosa](/health-library/conditions/anorexia-nervosa)) or [binge eating](/health-library/conditions/binge-eating) (bulimia nervosa)

People often try to keep self-harm a secret because of shame or fear of discovery. For example, they may cover up their skin and avoid discussing the problem.

Therefore, it's often up to close family and friends to notice when somebody is self-harming and to approach the subject with care and understanding. The signs may include unexplained injuries and signs of depression or low self-esteem.

Someone who's self-harming can seriously hurt themself, so it's important they speak to a doctor about the underlying issue and request treatment or therapy that is likely to help them.

Read more about the [signs of self-harm](/health-library/conditions/self-injury/#symptoms).



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## Self-harm symptoms {#symptoms}

There are many different forms of self-harm and they're not always easy to notice.

People who self-harm usually try to keep it a secret from their friends and family and often injure themselves in places that can be hidden easily by clothing.

If you suspect a friend or relative is self-harming, look out for any of the following signs:

- unexplained cuts, bruises or cigarette burns, usually on their wrists, arms, thighs and chest
- keeping themselves fully covered at all times, even in hot weather
- signs of [depression](/health-library/conditions/depression), such as low mood, tearfulness or a lack of motivation or interest in anything
- becoming very withdrawn and not speaking to others
- changes in eating habits or being secretive about eating, and any unusual weight loss or weight gain
- signs of low self-esteem, such as blaming themselves for any problems or thinking they're not good enough for something
- signs they've been pulling out their hair
- signs of misuse of [alcohol](/self-care/alcohol-misuse) or drugs

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## Helping someone who self-harms

If you're worried about someone who's self-harming, there are some things you can do to help them:

- make time to gently and sympathetically discuss the problem with them and listen to what they say without judging them or being critical
- try to appreciate how difficult they're finding life and show them you understand
- discuss the possibility of seeking professional help
- get medical help if any injuries are serious

It's important not to react in a strongly negative or critical way (such as getting angry), as this kind of reaction is likely to make the problem worse.

If they don't want to discuss their self-harm with you, you could suggest they speak to an anonymous helpline or see their doctor.

Read more about [getting help for self-harm](/health-library/conditions/self-injury/#treatment).

## Causes of self-harm {#causes}

There are many reasons why people self-harm and these can change over time, but the causes usually stem from unhappy emotions.

Self-harming has been described as a "physical expression of emotional distress". Some people find that the physical act of hurting themselves helps them deal with overwhelming emotional and psychological issues.

### Social factors and trauma

Research has shown that social factors commonly cause emotional distress in people who self-harm. These include:

- difficult relationships with friends or partners
- difficulties at school, such as not doing well academically
- difficulties at work
- being bullied, either at home, school or work
- worries about money
- alcohol or drug misuse
- coming to terms with your sexuality if you think you might be gay or bisexual
- coping with cultural expectations, for example, an arranged marriage

Self-harm could also sometimes be a way of coping with a traumatic experience. For example:

- sexual, physical or emotional abuse, including domestic abuse and rape
- the death of a close family member or friend
- having a [miscarriage](/health-library/conditions/miscarriage)

### Emotional distress

The distress from a traumatic experience or an unhappy situation can lead to feelings of low self-esteem or self-hatred. You could also have feelings of:

- anger
- guilt
- anxiety
- loneliness or isolation
- grief
- hopelessness
- numbness or emptiness
- feeling unconnected to the world
- being unclean, unworthy, trapped or silenced if you have been abused

The emotions can gradually build up inside you, and you may not know who to turn to for help. Self-harm may be a way of releasing these pent-up feelings. It can be a way of coping with overwhelming emotional problems.

Self-harm is linked to [anxiety](/health-library/conditions/anxiety) and [depression](/health-library/conditions/depression). These mental health conditions can affect people of any age. Self-harm can also occur alongside antisocial behaviour, such as misbehaving at school or getting into trouble with the police.

### Psychological causes

In some cases, there may be a psychological reason for the self-harming. For example:

- you may hear voices telling you to self-harm
- you may have repeated thoughts about self-harming and feel like you have to do it
- you may disassociate (lose touch with yourself and your surroundings) and self-harm without realising you are doing it
- it can be a symptom of [borderline personality disorder](/health-library/conditions/borderline-personality-disorder) (a condition that causes instability in how a person thinks, feels and behaves)

## Self-harm treatment {#treatment}

It's important for anyone who self-harms to see their doctor. They can treat any physical injury and recommend further assessment if necessary.

Your doctor is likely to ask you about your feelings in some detail. They'll want to establish why you self-harm, what triggers it and how you feel afterwards.

Your doctor may ask you some questions to see if you have an underlying condition such as [depression](/health-library/conditions/depression/#diagnosis), [anxiety](/health-library/conditions/anxiety) or [borderline personality disorder](/health-library/conditions/borderline-personality-disorder). If the way you self-harm follows a particular pattern of behaviour, such as an [eating disorder](/health-library/conditions/eating-disorders), you may be asked additional questions about this.

Your height, weight and blood pressure may also be checked, and you may be asked about any drinking or drug-taking habits.

It's important that you're honest with your doctor about your symptoms and your feelings. If you don’t know why you self-harm, tell your doctor this.

### Assessment

After an initial assessment, your doctor should offer to refer you for a further assessment with healthcare professionals at a local community mental health service.

This assessment, which may take place over several meetings, is used to find out more about you and your self-harming behaviour. The results of the assessment will be used to help determine the treatment and support you need.

During an assessment, you'll usually be asked about:

- your physical health
- your relationships with others and your living arrangements
- the methods you've used to self-harm
- how often you self-harm
- any specific events or feelings that occur before you self-harm
- any things you've tried to help reduce your self-harming
- whether you think you'll self-harm again
- why you think you're self-harming
- whether you have thoughts of ending your life

Any further treatment will normally be decided jointly between you and your team of healthcare professionals. It will be a specific programme for you according to your needs and what's likely to be effective. You'll be asked for your consent before any treatment begins.

### Your care plan

In most cases, psychological treatment (also known as talking treatment) is recommended for people who self-harm.

Psychological treatments, such as [cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT)](/health-library/treatments/cognitive-behavioural-therapy), involve sessions where you meet with a therapist to talk about your feelings and thoughts and how these affect your behaviour and wellbeing. Evidence suggests these kinds of treatments can be effective in the long term for people who self-harm.

If you have a mental health problem such as depression, borderline personality disorder or [schizophrenia](/health-library/conditions/schizophrenia), your treatment plan may involve medication as well as psychological treatment.

If psychological treatment is recommended, you'll usually have a number of sessions with a therapist.

Once treatment finishes, you and your care team should discuss steps you can take to deal with any further crises and you'll be told how to contact your care team if necessary.

### Specialists involved in your care

During your assessment and treatment, there are a number of different healthcare professionals you may see, such as:

- a counsellor – somebody who's trained in talking therapies
- a psychiatrist – a qualified medical doctor with further training in treating mental health conditions
- a psychologist – a health professional who specialises in the assessment and treatment of mental health conditions by talking (usually CBT)

You may also see some other specialists, depending on the underlying reasons why you self-harm.

For example, if you've lost a close relative, you may be referred to a specialist bereavement counsellor for help coping with bereavement. If you're self-harming after an incident of rape, or physical or mental abuse, you may be referred to someone who's trained in dealing with victims of sexual assault or domestic abuse.

If you have another condition that's linked to your self-harming, such as [anorexia nervosa](/health-library/conditions/anorexia-nervosa) or [bulimia](/health-library/conditions/bulimia), you may be referred to a specialist in [eating disorders](/health-library/conditions/eating-disorders) and a dietitian or nutritionist.

### Seeking immediate help for an injury or overdose

Some physical injuries may need treating in an accident and emergency (A&E) department, minor injuries unit or walk-in centre. **For example, you may need to call for an ambulance if:**

- you or somebody else have taken an overdose of drugs, alcohol or prescription medication
- somebody is unconscious
- you or somebody else are in a lot of pain
- you or somebody else are having difficulty breathing
- you or somebody else are losing a lot of blood from a cut or wound
- you or somebody else are in shock after a serious cut or burn

If your injury is not serious, you could be treated at a minor injuries unit (MIU). These healthcare services are run by doctors or nurses to assess and treat minor injuries, such as minor [burns and scalds](/health-library/conditions/burns-and-scalds), infected wounds and broken bones.

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